How Buddhist Monks Became the Face of Ethnonationalist Violence in Sri Lanka and Myanmar

The intertwining of Buddhism and ethnonationalism has become a pressing issue in contemporary Sri Lanka and Myanmar. The rise of violent movements led by Buddhist monks has drawn significant attention, prompting questions about the role of religion in national identity and conflict.

Sonia Faleiro’s book, “The Robe and the Sword: How Buddhist Extremism Is Shaping Modern Asia,” delves into this complex relationship, exploring how Buddhist revivalism has historically aligned with majoritarian politics, leading to violence against minority communities.

The Historical Context of Buddhist Revivalism

Buddhism has a rich and varied history, with its practices and interpretations evolving across different cultures and eras. During the colonial period, Western scholars began to categorize and define Buddhism, leading to a reification of the religion that often overlooked its diverse practices. This historical backdrop is crucial to understanding the current dynamics of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Myanmar.

Colonial Influence on Buddhist Identity

The British colonial encounter with Buddhism led to a homogenized view of the religion.
Victorian interpretations shaped contemporary understandings of Buddhist practices.
Debates on the essence of Buddhism—whether as a religion or philosophy—continue today.

The Rise of Ethnonationalism

In both Sri Lanka and Myanmar, the resurgence of Buddhist nationalism has been closely linked to the political landscape. As these countries grapple with their identities, Buddhist monks have emerged as prominent figures in ethnonationalist movements.

Buddhist Monks as Political Actors

Monks in these regions have often taken on roles that extend beyond spiritual leadership, engaging directly in political activism and inciting violence against minority groups. This phenomenon raises questions about the intersection of religion and nationalism.

Case Study: Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, the rise of the Bodu Bala Sena (BBS), a nationalist Buddhist organization, exemplifies the merging of religion and politics. Led by figures like Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara, the BBS has incited violence against the Muslim community, framing their actions as a defense of Buddhism.

Impact on Minority Communities

Muslims in Sri Lanka have faced increased hostility and violence.
The BBS has used social media to spread anti-Muslim sentiment.
Political leaders have often aligned with Buddhist nationalists for electoral gains.

Case Study: Myanmar

Similarly, in Myanmar, the rise of the 969 Movement and its leader Ashin Wirathu has highlighted the role of Buddhist monks in promoting anti-Muslim sentiments. This movement has been linked to widespread violence against the Rohingya people.

Consequences of Monastic Involvement

Rohingya Muslims have faced severe persecution and displacement.
Wirathu’s rhetoric has been instrumental in justifying violence against minorities.
The military’s support of Buddhist nationalism has further complicated the conflict.

Challenging the Narrative

While the actions of certain monks have garnered attention, it is essential to recognize the voices of dissent within Buddhist communities. There are monks and laypeople who actively oppose violence and advocate for peace and coexistence.

Voices of Resistance

Monks like Abbot Zero in Myanmar have spoken against extremism.
Grassroots movements are emerging, promoting non-violence and interfaith dialogue.
Engaged Buddhism seeks to address social issues and promote justice.

Frequently Asked Questions

What role do Buddhist monks play in ethnonationalist movements?

Buddhist monks have become key figures in ethnonationalist movements, often using their religious authority to incite violence against minority communities and promote nationalist ideologies.

How has colonialism influenced modern Buddhism?

Colonialism led to a reification of Buddhism, where Western interpretations shaped contemporary understandings, often overlooking the religion’s diverse practices and beliefs.

Are there movements within Buddhism that oppose violence?

Yes, there are movements within Buddhism that advocate for peace and coexistence, with monks and laypeople actively opposing violence and promoting social justice.

Note: The rise of ethnonationalism within Buddhism presents a complex challenge, necessitating a critical examination of the religion’s role in contemporary conflicts.

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