Jaina Monuments of Pudukkottai Region
Summary
This article surveys Jain archaeological and architectural remains in Tamil Nadu’s Pudukkottai region. Historically ruled by minor chieftains, the area is bounded by Trichy, Ramanad and Thanjavur districts and the Bay of Bengal. It abounds in Jain monuments—natural caverns with stone beds, relief sculptures and rock‑cut temples—which illuminate the spread of Jainism. The focus is Sittannavasal, the oldest Jain centre. An early cave shelter called Eladipattam contains seventeen carved stone beds; a Brahmi inscription dating between the 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE records that a local donated a bed for the monk Kavuti Iten. The site shows links between Jain communities in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, confirmed by later inscriptions listing monks’ names. Nearby, a rock‑cut temple features a rectangular shrine and maṇḍapa supported by pillars, with architectural motifs typical of the 7th century. Carvings of three seated Tirthankaras and reliefs of Pārśvanātha adorn the walls. Renovation inscriptions and painted ceilings attest to continued use into the 9th century. The article also describes numerous other Pudukkottai sites, noting sculptures, lion‑based pillars, and bronze images preserved in the museum. Together, these findings reveal the region’s importance for understanding the development of Jain monasticism, art and cross‑regional connections.
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Conclusion
The survey underscores Pudukkottai’s rich Jain heritage. Inscriptions from the Eladipattam cave document monastic activity from at least the 2nd century BCE onward, while the 7th‑century rock‑cut temple’s architecture and sculptures illustrate mature Jain artistry. Names of monks and renovation records show continuous occupation into the 9th century. By examining varied sites and artefacts, the article demonstrates how Pudukkottai linked Jain communities across southern India and provides valuable insights into the evolution of Jain religious architecture and art.