Early Historic Phase in Central Pennar Basin, Kadapa District: A Preliminary Study
Summary
The Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh, forming the Central Pennar Basin, has been a significant archaeological area since the discovery of Palaeolithic implements by C.A.E. Oldham. Subsequent explorations by scholars like Sewell, Moir, and Brackenbury revealed megalithic burials in Pulivendla, Badvel, and Kamalapuram. Robert Bruce Foote's work provided a foundational understanding of prehistoric, protohistoric, and early historic cultures in the region, with the Vellaturu site offering notable artifacts like flakes, slick-stones, and pottery, particularly the 'lotah' shape resembling toddy containers. Later studies by Thimma Reddy, Raju, and others explored ethno-archaeological patterns among communities like the Yanadi and Kuruba, bridging prehistory and early history. The present study focuses on the early historic phase (circa 300 BCE–300 CE), analyzing data from recent village surveys to understand socio-economic, political, and religious changes during early urbanization. The region, covering 15,000 sq.km, features diverse geography, including plains, valleys, and plateaus, with geology dominated by Archaean and Kurnool-Kadapa systems. The Pennar River and its tributaries sustain water resources, while vegetation includes dry deciduous and thorn types. Prehistoric Neolithic communities (c. 2000–1100 BCE) practiced pastoralism, dry farming, and used black-on-red pottery, possibly influenced by local innovation rather than external cultures. The absence of ash mounds suggests small, self-sufficient settlements categorized as hamlets to regional centers. The transition to Megalithic culture (c. 1100 BCE) introduced nomadic groups with burial complexes, while the early historic phase saw the rise of settled life, marked by painted pottery traditions and socio-cultural exchanges. This study highlights the region's evolution from indigenous folk societies to early urban centers, emphasizing the importance of
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Conclusion
This study highlights the significant archaeological and cultural evolution of the Kadapa district's Central Pennar Basin, emphasizing the transition from Neolithic farming communities to the Early Historic phase. The research identifies socio-economic and political transformations during early urbanization, marked by the emergence of painted pottery traditions and settlement patterns among communities like the Kuruba and Yanadi. The analysis of ethno-archaeological data provides insights into technological advancements and cultural exchanges, bridging prehistoric and historic periods. The findings underscore the region's role in understanding broader historical processes in South India, offering a foundation for studying later historical developments and urbanization dynamics in the area.