Exploring Jain Scriptures: Agam Literature and Its Historical Transmission
By Dilip V. Shah, Jitendra B. Shah
Summary
Jain scriptures, known as Agam literature, encompass diverse texts recognized across sects, emphasizing reverence for life, karma, nonviolence, and asceticism. Mahavira, after attaining enlightenment, taught in Ardha-Magadhi Prakrit for 30 years, compiling 12 core texts (12 Ang Agam Sutras or Dvadashangi). These include 12 Anga-pravishtha Agams with 14 Purvas and additional Anga-bahya Agams, varying by sect—34 for Shvetambar Murtipujak, 21 for Shvetambar Sthanakavasi and Terapanthi, and 14 for Digambar. Originally transmitted orally by Ganadhars for 160 years, the texts were later memorized and passed down until Bhadrabahu Swami. By 400 AD, Shvetambar tradition recorded the Agams, though 14 Purvas and the 12th Anga (Drashtivada) were lost earlier (2nd century BC–2nd century AD). The Agams include teachings on Tirthankaras' lives, other creeds, and spiritual powers. Additional canonical literature, composed by Shruta-Kevali Acharyas, expanded on the 12 Angas for clarity.
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Conclusion
The document highlights the complex history and diversity of Jain scriptures, emphasizing the absence of a single authoritative text and the recognition of multiple scriptures across different sects. It details the structure of the 12 Anga Agam Sutras and the subsequent development of Anga-bahya Agams, reflecting the oral transmission and eventual written documentation of these teachings. The loss of certain texts, such as the 14 Purvas and the 12th Anga-Agam, underscores the challenges in preserving Jain knowledge over time. The document also notes the historical shift from oral tradition to written records, particularly around 400 AD, and the varying traditions among Jain sects regarding these scriptures. This diversity in scriptural recognition and transmission methods has shaped Jain religious practices and beliefs, reinforcing core principles like nonviolence, asceticism, and compassion.