The Sociological Approach of the Jaina Ritualistic Study

The Sociological Approach of the Jaina Ritualistic Study examines Jain rituals as social institutions that shape values and community life. Rituals are defined as sets of activities performed to remind adherents of basic principles. Jain practice recognises both Dravya puja—the physical rites such as reciting sutras—and Bhava puja—the internal reflection accompanying these acts. Without meditation and inner contemplation, ritual becomes hollow; physical action must be coupled with spiritual intent to produce progress. The article argues that rituals build culture, instil religious values and create a sense of community. By weaving rituals into daily life, Jains cultivate virtues like non‑violence, tolerance, non‑attachment, humility and forgiveness. Properly performed, rituals reduce vices such as anger, ego, greed and deceit and loosen attachment to material objects, fostering compassion for all beings. The Das‑vaikalik sutra advises that knowledge must precede action and warns against mechanical observance. The study notes that collective practice strengthens social cohesion and transmits ethical principles to future generations. It highlights differences between Śvetāmbara and Digambara traditions in details of the six daily avasyaka rituals—samayik, chauvisattho, vandana and others—but emphasises that both stress internal reflection. Viewing rituals through a sociological lens, the article concludes that ritual is not an obstacle to liberation but a vehicle for cultivating virtues and discipline. Understanding the social functions of ritual can help modern Jains adapt traditional practices to contemporary life while preserving their core values.

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