Reviews
By B. M. Barua, Sushil Kumar De, U. N. Ghoshal, P. C. Bagchi
Summary
Indubhusan Banerjee's *Evolution of the Khalsa, Vol. I: Foundation of the Sikh Panth* (1936) provides a detailed analysis of Sikhism's development from Guru Nanak's time (15th century) to the establishment of the Khalsa in 1699. Banerjee divides Sikh history into two phases: the first (1469–1604) emphasizes spiritual growth, gradual detachment from Hinduism, and the consolidation of Sikh identity without conflict with Islam or the state. The second phase (1605–1699), marked by Guru Arjan’s execution and the Khalsa’s formation, reflects a shift toward militarization under external pressures. The author critiques earlier interpretations reliant on the Guru’s teachings, arguing that Sikhism diverged from parallel Hindu movements by evolving into a distinct "church-like" structure and eventual military theocracy. The work is praised for its clarity, balanced judgment, and exhaustive bibliography, though some sources seem tangentially included. K. G. Sesha Aiyar’s *Cera Kings of the Sangam Period* (1937) reconstructs early Cera dynasty history using Sangam-era texts like the *Purananuru* and *Silappadhikaram* as primary sources. Despite source limitations, Aiyar proposes a dual-branch Cera chronology (306 B.C. to 305 A.D.) and challenges earlier dating theories, incorporating astronomical and textual evidence. The study critiques claims of Mauryan influence in South India and questions the relevance of certain non-Tamil texts in the bibliography. Both works are noted for their rigorous scholarship, though Aiyar’s dynastic framework
AI-assisted summary, not yet checked. Consult the original PDF before citing.
Conclusion
This document provides a comprehensive analysis of Sikhism's foundational period, highlighting its evolution from a spiritual movement to a militarized community with the Khalsa's establishment in 1699. Banerjee's work distinguishes itself by critically examining the socio-historical context, challenging traditional narratives, and emphasizing Sikhism's unique trajectory compared to other religious movements. The detailed bibli