The text defines various types of suffering and their causes according to Jain philosophy, specifically from the Tattvartharajavartika. It explains that sorrow, grief, torment, crying, violence, and…
The text defines violence (hiṃsā) as the deprivation of life (prāṇavyaparopaṇa) caused by a person acting with negligence (pramatta). It explains that "vyaparopaṇa" means separation, and the term…
A Jain text discusses the concept of "shalya" (a thorn or dart) in the context of a vow-taker (vrati). A vrati who is free from shalya is called nishhalya. The term shalya is defined as that which…