On the Absence of Darics in India
Summary
Nirendra Nath Mukherjee tackles an enigmatic problem: why no Achaemenid gold daric has been found in India. He reviews Greek sources which claim that Persia collected tribute from Indian provinces and circulated darics throughout its empire. Yet despite extensive excavations and hoards, only silver sigloi turn up in north‑west India. Mukherjee analyses economic conditions and suggests several explanations. First, gold coinage may have remained within the Persian heartland and been used primarily for paying mercenaries in the Mediterranean rather than for trade with India. Second, Indians may have melted down imported darics into jewellery or ornaments, erasing their identity. Third, local weight standards differed from Persian ones, making darics inconvenient for everyday transactions. The article also considers the possibility that references to Indian gold in Greek texts actually describe bullion rather than coined money. Mukherjee therefore argues that the absence of darics does not disprove Persian control but reveals divergent monetary systems and cultural attitudes toward coinage. He concludes with a call for more systematic surveys of early coin finds in the Punjab and Gandhāra.
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Conclusion
By synthesising numismatic evidence and historical testimony, Mukherjee proposes that darics were rare in India not because Persia lacked influence but because gold coins served specific fiscal functions elsewhere and were easily recycled. His study reminds us that the presence or absence of a coin type reflects complex economic behaviours rather than simple political boundaries and encourages nuanced interpretations of monetary evidence.