Iconography of some minor deities in Jainism

This study surveys the iconography of minor Jain deities, focusing on Yaksas and Yaksinis who serve as guardians to the Tirthankaras. Jainism assimilated many deities from Brahmanic traditions, adapting their attributes and roles. The Yaksa Sarvahna is described as the presiding deity of the temple flag‑hoisting ceremony; Svetambara texts depict him seated on an elephant with folded hands, while Digambara tradition shows him four‑armed with a goad and noose. Brahmasanti Yaksa, associated with Santinatha, has a grey complexion, wears a jatamukuta and sits on a bhadrasana; he holds a rosary, staff, water pot and umbrella, and his vahana is a swan. Manuscript illustrations portray him with four arms holding an umbrella, book, staff and showing the varada gesture. The article also examines Harinaigamesa (Naigamesa), described as Indra’s attendant with a human body and goat‑like head and revered as protector of children. By analysing textual prescriptions from works such as the Trilokasara, Nirvanakalika and Jainacitrakalpadruma and comparing them with sculptures, the author demonstrates how the iconography of minor deities varies across Svetambara and Digambara traditions. The discussion highlights syncretic influences and shows that these minor deities held an important place in Jain ritual practice and art.

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