Side-Lights on the Later Kusanas
Summary
Using numismatic, epigraphic and archaeological evidence, this article reconstructs the obscure later period of the Kusana dynasty after the reign of Vasudeva I. It begins by analysing late Kusana coins discovered in Sindh and Rajasthan, noting their iconography and metallurgical features. The author discusses rectangular and oblong coins with altar and fire motifs that lack legends, suggesting they were local issues that replaced earlier imperial currency. Inscriptions from Persepolis and Kabul mention viceroys and satraps, indicating that the Sasanian Empire exercised overlordship over former Kusana territories. The article examines fragmentary records which describe conflicts among heirs of the Sasanian king Narseh and list dependent kings of Paradas, Makran and other regions. Evidence from excavations at Jhukar and Mohenjo‑Daro reveals glazed pottery and terracotta seals showing Sasanian influence. Using this material, the author reconstructs a “dark period” in which the Kusana realm shrank to the Kabul Valley and was eventually absorbed by invading Huns. The narrative integrates perspectives from Chinese chronicles, Persian inscriptions and Indian epigraphy to illuminate how regional powers vied for control in Central and North‑west India during the 3rd–4th centuries AD.
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Conclusion
The study concludes that after Vasudeva I, the Kusana Empire rapidly disintegrated under pressure from the rising Sasanian Empire and nomadic incursions. Coin evidence and inscriptions show that local rulers issued currency and acknowledged Sasanian suzerainty. Excavations demonstrate cultural exchanges between Persia and the Indus region. Ultimately, the Kusanas retreated to the Kabul Valley before being overrun by the Huns, marking the end of their hegemony.