From Jīnāgama to Jinabimba: The Evolution of Tīrtha in Jainism
By Mana Shah
Summary
The article explores the evolution of the concept of *tīrtha* in Jainism, tracing its development from a symbolic representation of spiritual crossing to a sacred geographical location and pilgrimage site. Initially rooted in the idea of crossing the ocean of suffering to attain *mokṣa* (liberation), *tīrtha* referred to the *tīrthaṅkaras* (spiritual teachers) and their teachings in early Jain texts like the *āgamas*. Over time, it expanded to denote physical locations where *tīrthaṅkara* icons were worshipped, leading to the prominence of pilgrimages (*tīrthayātrā*) as a central religious practice. The paper also delves into Jain cosmology, describing the universe as structured into three worlds (*adho-loka*, *madhya-loka*, and *ūrdhva-loka*), symbolized by the *Lokapuruṣa* (cosmic man). The central island, *Jambūdwīpa*, is where human activities occur. Liberation (*mokṣa*) is achieved when the soul sheds all karmic bondage, attaining infinite knowledge and bliss. Jainism posits two classes of liberated souls: *tīrthaṅkaras*, who establish *tīrtha* (a fourfold religious order and scriptures), and *siddhas*, ordinary souls who attain liberation. Unlike other Indian philosophies, *tīrthaṅkaras* do not control the universe but guide others through their teachings. The path to *mokṣa* requires the triad of *right faith* (understanding cause and effect), *right knowledge* (spiritual wisdom), and *right conduct* (ethical living), with faith being the foundation. The article emphasizes the interconnectedness of these elements in Jain practice, particularly in the *śvetāmbar* tradition, where rituals and conduct reinforce spiritual
AI-assisted summary, not yet checked. Consult the original PDF before citing.
Conclusion
This study traces the evolution of the concept of *tīrtha* in Jainism, examining its transition from a symbolic representation of spiritual crossing to a physical sacred site central to pilgrimage. The analysis highlights how Jain texts—from ancient *āgamas* to medieval commentaries and narrative literature—gradually expanded the term’s meaning, linking it to the veneration of *tīrthaṅkaras* and the establishment of structured religious practices. The implications of this shift underscore the role of sacred geography in Jain devotion, where pilgrimage (*tīrthayātrā*) became integral to spiritual liberation (*mokṣa*). The findings also reveal Jainism’s unique theological framework, where multiple liberated souls (*tīrthaṅkaras* and *siddhas*) serve as divine guides rather than a singular deity. This evolution reflects broader trends in Indian religious history, illustrating how doctrinal concepts adapt to cultural and ritualistic needs over time.