The Indian Sect of the Jainas
Summary
The article examines the Indian religious sect of the Jainas, a community distinct from Brahmanism, founded during the same period as Buddhism. The author, G. Bühler, argues that Jainism is an independent sect, not a branch of Buddhism, despite their shared origins in the same religious movement opposing Brahmanism. The text details the sect's division into two rival branches, the Digambara and Svetambara, which differ in doctrines, literature, and customs, such as the practice of nudity. Both branches share a universal claim, welcoming followers regardless of caste, including Sudras and Mlecchas, and are structured with an order of ascetics and a general laity. The core of the Jaina religion is its philosophical ethical system, aimed at salvation through the three jewels: right faith, right knowledge, and right walk. The founder, Vardhamana, also known as Mahavira, is presented as a historical prophet who attained omniscience and taught the path to Nirvana or Moksa. The article outlines the Jaina cosmology, which includes the concepts of souls, karma, and the uncreated, everlasting world. The right walk involves strict asceticism and five great vows, which are elaborated upon for both ascetics and laity. The laity's duties are less stringent but still emphasize non-violence, truthfulness, and non-possessiveness. The author discusses the development of the sect, noting the influence of the laity in introducing a cult, worship, and a monastic life, which led to literary and scientific activities. The oldest canonical books, the Anga, are in Prakrit, and later, both branches adopted Sanskrit. The article addresses the historical existence of the Jainas, using inscriptions and Buddhist texts, such as the edicts of Asoka and the accounts of Hiuen Tsiang, to confirm their independent existence. The author concludes that Jainism and Buddhism are two contemporary sects that arose from the same religious movement, providing a more accurate understanding of the profound religious transformation in ancient India.
Summary reviewed by a volunteer editor.
Conclusion
G. Buehler’s study of the Jaina sect highlights its foundational role in Indian religious history as a contemporary movement to Buddhism, both emerging in opposition to Brahmanism. The article establishes the sect’s distinct doctrines, rigorous ethical framework, and its division into the Digambara and Svetambara branches, which, despite their schism, share a unified core philosophy. Buehler emphasizes the sect’s historical independence from Buddhism, supported by Buddhist chronicles and early inscriptions, such as those of Emperor Asoka. The text underscores the significance of Jainism’s universalist claim, its complex cosmology, and its profound impact on Indian culture, particularly through its literary and architectural contributions. Ultimately, the article positions Jainism as a vital, independent tradition that provides crucial insights into the religious transformations of ancient India.