Cattle Breeds and Agricultural Economy in Madras Presidency (1920-1936)
By D. P. Sinu
Summary
The Madras Presidency (1920-1936) was a significant cattle-raising region in India, with notable breeds like Mysore and Ongole recognized for their economic and cultural importance. The region's 25 districts, including Madras, Coimbatore, and Tanjore, supported diverse cattle varieties adapted to local climates and agricultural needs. Cattle fairs and exhibitions promoted breeding and milk production, with cross-breeding programs involving Scind, Ayrshire, and Delhi buffalo breeds to enhance productivity. Government initiatives included maintaining breeding stations at Hosur, Chintaladevi, and Guntur to improve breeds like Ongole and Scindhi, though challenges like underfeeding and reliance on dry fodder persisted. Milk yields varied across breeds, with cross-breeds averaging 13.1 lb/day. The study highlights the role of cattle in the agrarian economy, the focus on breeding improvements, and the socio-economic significance of livestock in the region.
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Conclusion
This study highlights the significant role of cattle breeds like the Mysore and Ongole in the Madras Presidency's economy and agricultural practices during 1920-1936. The detailed documentation of breeds, their milk yields, and breeding programs underscores the region's focus on improving livestock productivity. Initiatives such as the establishment of cattle farms, cross-breeding experiments, and participation in agricultural exhibitions demonstrate a structured approach to enhancing dairy and draught capabilities. The challenges of underfeeding, fodder shortages, and the reliance on traditional grazing patterns are also evident, reflecting broader socio-economic constraints. The study serves as a historical record of early 20th-century agricultural policies and practices, emphasizing the interplay between local breeds, economic needs, and colonial-era interventions in livestock management.