Certain Peculiarities of Jaina School of Astronomy
Summary
This article examines the distinct characteristics of the Jaina School of Astronomy, a system derived primarily from Jaina canonical literature, though it occasionally notes parallels in Puranic and Buddhistic texts. The author argues that this school developed a sophisticated and independent astronomical framework, free from Greek, Babylonian, or other foreign influences, and representing a significant advancement over the earlier Vedanga Jyotisa. The evidence for this argument is drawn from the author’s Ph.D. thesis and subsequent studies on Jaina astronomical texts. The main argument is that the Jaina School of Astronomy exhibits unique developments in several key areas. Regarding units, the text discusses the Jaina trigesimal system of time-units, the Anuyogadvara Sutra’s classification of length-units into Pramana, Atma, and Utsedha systems, and the evolution of arc-division units leading to the modern concept of 360 degrees. In cosmography, it highlights peculiar notions like the circular flat earth and the theory of two Suns and two Moons, alongside mathematically consistent dimensions of Mount Meru. The science of gnomonics is explored through the use of shadow-lengths to determine time and seasons, with the Jaina system being well-traced in Jaina texts. Kinematics are addressed through the Jaina spiral paths of the Sun and Moon, akin to Archimedean spirals and implying a concept of declination absent in earlier Vedic texts. The study of Venus is also noted as a peculiar feature, involving comparisons of its velocity to animals and its heliacal rising. The Jaina calendar is discussed in terms of its shifted solstices and quinquennial cycle, alongside a unique classification of naksatras. The text further details unique eclipse cycles, lunar occultations, and a set-theoretic approach to astral bodies. Finally, the article notes the Jaina measurement of celestial distances in yojanas, the use of zigzag functions, keen observational skills, and the potential use of instruments like the gnomon and clepsydra. The author concludes that these independent developments challenge theories of Mesopotamian origin for Indian mathematical astronomy.
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Conclusion
The Jaina School of Astronomy represents a distinct and advanced stage of ancient Indian astronomical thought, characterized by numerous unique developments. Key findings include the independent evolution of trigonometric and gnomonic techniques for measuring time and celestial arcs, the formulation of concepts like declination and celestial latitude, and the creation of specific cycles for eclipses and calendars. The system's peculiar units of time, length, and arc-division further highlight its originality. These developments, rooted in meticulous observation and a set-theoretic approach, were achieved without any discernible foreign influence. The significance of this school lies in its pivotal role as a bridge between early Vedic astronomy and later Siddhantic traditions, challenging external origin theories and demonstrating a sophisticated, indigenous scientific framework.