The Jaina References in the Buddhist Literature
Summary
Buddhist literature contains significant references to Jainism, particularly in texts like the Digha Nikaya and Majjhima Nikaya. The Kessapa Sihanada Sutta in the Digha Nikaya describes ascetic practices attributed to various groups, including the Ajivikas and Acelekas. However, scholars like Rhys Davids and P. Jacobi have linked these practices to Jainism, noting that the term "Aceleka" was used broadly for ascetics, including Jaina monks. The practices, such as nakedness, align with Jaina teachings in their Sastras, despite discrepancies with Ajivika beliefs, such as vegetarianism. The Digambara Jaina tradition emphasizes nakedness as an essential practice for monks, supported by texts like Kundakundacarya’s Pravacanasira and the Malacara of Africa Batiakera. The Svetambara tradition, however, advocates gradual renunciation, allowing monks to eventually adopt minimal clothing. Buddhist sources, including the Divyavrddna and Jataka Mala, corroborate the Digambara view of nakedness as a defining feature of Jaina ascetics. The term "Niggantha" in Buddhist literature sometimes refers to Jaina monks, though it is also used for vowless householders. Overall, the ascetic practices described in Buddhist texts are most consistent with Jaina monastic rules, particularly those of the Digambara sect.
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Conclusion
This analysis of Jaina references in Buddhist literature clarifies longstanding attributions of ascetic practices, demonstrating their alignment with Jaina rather than Ajivika traditions. By examining key texts like the Kessapa Sihanada Sutta and cross-referencing them with Jaina scriptures, the study establishes that the described practices—particularly nakedness as a core monastic feature—are integral to Jaina identity. The research resolves ambiguities surrounding the term "Acelaka," linking it to Jaina self-designation and highlighting doctrinal distinctions, such as vegetarianism, which further supports this reattribution. The comparative analysis of Digambara and Svetambara perspectives on monastic attire underscores the historical and textual coherence of these practices within Jaina tradition, offering a definitive contribution to understanding cross-traditional influences in ancient Indian asceticism.