Outlines of the History of Buddhism in Indo-China
By Louis Finot
Summary
The history of Buddhism in Indo-China spans two distinct regions: the eastern coast (Annam) and the western territories (British Malaya, Siam, Cambodia, and Burma). Early Hindu settlements, such as the Bhagavat temple at Nhatrang (9th century CE), suggest ancient roots, with inscriptions hinting at Buddhist influences through phrases like "compassion for creatures." The Champa kingdom, possibly originating in 192 CE, initially practiced Mahayana Buddhism, as seen in 9th-century inscriptions and monuments like the Laksmindra Lokesvara monastery (413 CE). Buddhism coexisted with Saivism, exemplified by King Samanta’s dual dedications to Buddha and Shiva. By the 12th century, Mahayana was explicitly named, with kings erecting Buddha-Lokesvara statues. Post-12th-century documents are scarce, but 13th-century fragments and iconography (bronze/stone Buddha statues, clay medallions) confirm Buddhism’s persistence. The interplay of Mahayana and local traditions, alongside the decline of Mahayana by the 13th century, highlights the dynamic religious landscape of Indo-China.
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Conclusion
This analysis of Indo-Chinese Buddhism reveals a dynamic interplay between Mahayana and Theravada traditions, shaped by regional political and cultural forces. The eastern coast's early Hindu-Buddhist syncretism, evident in inscriptions like Vo-canh, contrasts with the western peninsula's later Theravada dominance, marked by monastic centers like Laksmindras Lokesvara. The unique Champa-Saiva Buddhist nexus highlights the region's distinct identity, challenging homogenized views of "Southern Buddhism." By tracing these divergent trajectories, the study underscores Buddhism's adaptability and the need for nuanced historical frameworks beyond colonial-era scholarship, offering a foundation for understanding Indo-China's complex religious heritage.