Self‑Immolation as an Expedient for Emancipation as Revealed in the Uvāsagadasāo

Investigating a controversial practice, this article looks at stories of voluntary death in the Jain text Uvāsagadasāo. The author recounts the case of Ananda, a prosperous householder who, after hearing Mahāvīra’s teachings, becomes a devout lay follower. Ananda imposes strict limits on his possessions, lives on minimal food and performs rigorous austerities for many years. Eventually he decides that only complete renunciation of the body will lead to liberation, so he undertakes a fast unto death; after thirty days without food or drink he dies, is reborn in a heavenly realm and ultimately achieves emancipation. The article narrates a similar story of Kamadeva, another layman who transfers his worldly responsibilities to his family and practices intense asceticism before voluntarily ending his life. These narratives are analysed in the light of Jain ethics: the author argues that self‑immolation, when performed with full awareness and detachment, is viewed not as suicide but as the final vow of sallekhana. The paper situates sallekhana within Jain doctrine, noting its scriptural sanction and the strict conditions under which it can be undertaken. By contrasting Jain attitudes with those of other religions, the article clarifies misconceptions about ascetic death and highlights the role of self‑discipline and intent.

Summary reviewed by a volunteer editor.