Varakari – the foremost Vaisnava Sect of Maharastra

The article introduces the Varakari sect, one of Maharashtra’s most influential devotional movements. Anchored at the temple town of Pandharpur, the Varakari sect is distinguished by its antiquity, its large following, and its rich literary heritage. The central deity is Vitthala, regarded as a child form of Krishna. The sect’s mystics produced Marathi literature notable for its elegance and philosophical depth; they wove together bhakti (devotion) with Advaita philosophy, creating a unique synthesis that appeals to both scholars and lay devotees. The term “Varakari” is derived from “vari,” meaning pilgrimage; the name denotes those who regularly journey to Pandharpur to worship Vitthala. Pilgrimages occur on fortnightly ekadasi days, with the eleventh days of the bright fortnight of Ashadha and Kartika attracting the largest crowds. The sect is also called Bhagavata because of its focus on Vitthala, but it should not be confused with the Pancaratra school; the Varakaris reject the doctrine of four vyuhas and adopt absolute monism. The article traces the origin of the sect. Contrary to common belief, it did not begin with the saint Jnanadeva (c. 1275–1296). Inscriptions from Pandharpur and the nearby Alandi temple, including one dated 1237 CE and another from 1273 CE recording the rebuilding of Vitthala’s temple, show that the cult was established before Jnanadeva’s time. The earliest inscription at Alandi refers to a figure named Krishna Svami and is decorated with images of Vitthala and Rukmini. Jnanadeva later organised the sect, composed a Marathi commentary on the Gita, and strengthened its doctrinal foundations. The article suggests that the legend of Pundalika and references in the Padmapurana imply even earlier roots. Overall, the Varakari sect is portrayed as a deeply rooted, philosophically rich movement that continues to shape Maharashtra’s religious landscape.

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