The Development of Buddhist Art in South India

This article surveys the stylistic evolution of Buddhist sculpture in the south of India with particular attention to the celebrated stūpa site of Amarāvati in the Kriṣṇa River valley. It begins by recalling that little survives of the original stūpa apart from carved reliefs and broken railings, yet even the fragments reveal a remarkably sophisticated school of art. The author compares these reliefs with earlier monuments at Bhārhut and Sāñchī, arguing that the Amarāvati artists achieved greater freedom of movement and a more dynamic handling of line: figures seem to glide and sway, and animals are rendered with vigor and precision. The architectural motifs are analysed, including the treatment of trees, which shift from schematic outlines at Bhārhut to more naturalistic forms with differentiated branches and leaves; rocks are depicted as connected bands rather than isolated blocks. The article also considers whether the style owes anything to Hellenistic influence; it concludes that although certain decorative elements might recall foreign prototypes, the Amarāvati school developed largely out of indigenous Indian traditions. Later sections examine the spread of the southern style to other centres such as Nāgārjunakoṇḍa and discuss how narratives from the Buddha’s life were represented in continuous friezes rather than discrete panels. Overall, the article shows how south Indian Buddhist art evolved from the early flat and static compositions of the second century BCE into the flowing and plastic forms of the Śātavāhana period.

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