The Rise and Growth of Buddhism in Andhra

This essay surveys the early spread of Buddhism in the Andhra region of south India. It opens by noting that the Buddha’s teachings may have reached Andhra during his lifetime. According to the Pāli texts, the Brahmin sage Bāvari sent his disciples Ajita, Mettagū, Punna, Sabbakāmī and others to meet the Buddha; after receiving instruction, they returned and preached the Dhamma in their homeland. This narrative suggests an early introduction of Buddhism to the Deccan. The article continues with archaeological evidence from Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and other stupa sites which indicate that Andhra became a major centre of Buddhist art and learning. The Satavahana and Ikṣvāku dynasties patronised monasteries, and inscriptions record donations from merchants and guilds. The author discusses how Mahāyāna currents developed at sites like Nagarjunakonda and how the region produced scholars like Nāgārjuna. He also notes the coexistence and competition between Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism in Andhra. The article traces the decline of Buddhism in the region after the 7th century, attributing it to the resurgence of Brahmanical Hinduism and the spread of Jainism and Śaivism. The rise of temple-centric Hindu polities and changes in trade routes reduced patronage to monasteries. In conclusion, the author argues that the history of Buddhism in Andhra exemplifies how religious movements adapt to local conditions, thrive with royal and mercantile support, and decline when socio-economic contexts change.

Summary reviewed by a volunteer editor.