Bharata - Bahubali - Mahakavya : A Critique
Summary
In “Bharata‑Bahubali‑Mahākāvya: A Critique,” Satyavrat offers a thoughtful evaluation of the Jain epic poem that narrates the legendary conflict and eventual renunciation of the brothers Bharata and Bahubali. The article opens with an outline of the poem’s turbulent textual history: although composed in accordance with the classical mahākāvya tradition, the work survived only in fragmentary manuscripts scattered among various Jain sects. Satyavrat recounts how a defective codex housed in the Vijayadharma Jñānamandira at Agra preserves part of the text, while another manuscript held by the Terapanth order breaks off in the eleventh canto. Scholars like Muni Nathmal (later Acharya Mahaprajna) played a crucial role in salvaging and reconstructing the epic, and the article praises their dedication. The critique then turns to the poem’s content and style. Satyavrat notes that the Bharata‑Bahubali‑Mahākāvya follows conventions established by poets such as Kālidāsa and Māgha, yet infuses them with Jain ethical ideals. The poem’s descriptions of royal splendour, heroic battles and emotional turmoil are analysed for their adherence to rasa theory and use of elaborate metaphors. The author discusses how the narrative juxtaposes worldly power with spiritual awakening; Bahubali’s victory over his brother in single combat ultimately leads him to renounce his kingdom and pursue liberation. Satyavrat appreciates the poet’s skill in portraying the inner struggle between pride and compassion and highlights episodes that illustrate the transformative power of forgiveness. The article concludes that despite the fragmentary state of the manuscripts, the Bharata‑Bahubali‑Mahākāvya deserves recognition as a significant contribution to Jain literature. Satyavrat calls for a critical edition that collates all available recensions and for further study of its philosophical message in comparison with better‑known Sanskrit epics.
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Conclusion
Satyavrat’s critique underscores the literary and historical value of the Bharata‑Bahubali‑Mahākāvya. By tracing its transmission and analysing its narrative, he shows that the epic not only conforms to classical stylistic norms but also conveys distinct Jain ethical principles. The article encourages scholars to continue the painstaking work of reconstructing the text and to explore how its portrayal of renunciation enriches our understanding of Indian epic traditions.